Laz.R: Tool to detect careless responding in survey research (Organizational Research Methods, 2025)
The “Lazy Respondents” Laz.R tool allows you to identify careless responding by computing the following indexes:
- Laz.R: Laz.R index for each case
- Longstr.: Longstring index based on longstring function from the careless package (Yentes & Wilhelm, 2023)
- MD: Mahalanobis distance based on the mahad function of the careless package
- IRV: Intra-individual response variability function from the careless package
- PSyn40/50/60: Psychometric synonym score, based on psychsyn function from the careless package with critical value set to r = .40/.50/.60 (the number of item pairs that exceed the critical value is shown on the CR cutoffs tab; column remains empty if no item pairs identified)
- PAnt40/50/60: Psychometric antonym score, based on psychant function from the careless package with critical value set to r = -.40/-.50/-.60 (the number of item pairs that exceed the critical value is shown on the CR cutoffs tab; column remains empty if no item pairs identified)
- Conc.answers: String with all answers of an individual combined. The data are the same that are shown on the right for all selected variables, but the concatenated view alleviates pattern recognition.
Run the free R Shiny app by clicking here:
https://hrmmannheim.shinyapps.io/ShinyCR_App
Source:
Biemann, T., Koch-Bayram, I., Meier-Barthold, M., & Aguinis, H. 2025. Using Markov Chains to detect careless responding in survey research.
Organizational Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.1177/10944281251334778 [pdf] [explainer podcast]
